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Floral structure and development in the monoecious palm Gaussia attenuata (Arecaceae; Arecoideae)

机译：雌雄同株的掌上高斯（Arecaceae; Arecoideae）的花卉结构和发育

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Background and Aims Sexual dimorphism, at both the flower and plant level, is widespread in the palm family (Arecaceae), in contrast to the situation in angiosperms as a whole. The tribe Chamaedoreeae is of special interest for studies of the evolution of sexual expression since dioecy appears to have evolved independently twice in this group from a monoecious ancestor. In order to understand the underlying evolutionary pathways, it is important to obtain detailed information on flower structure and development in each of the main clades. Methods Dissection and light and scanning electron microscopy were performed on developing flowers of Gaussia attenuata, a neotropical species belonging to one of the three monoecious genera of the tribe. Key Results Like species of the other monoecious genera of the Chamaedoreeae (namely Hyophorbe and Synechanthus), G. attenuata produces a bisexual flower cluster known as an acervulus, consisting of a row of male flowers with a basal female flower. Whereas the sterile androecium of female flowers terminated its development at an early stage of floral ontogeny, the pistillode of male flowers was large in size but with no recognizable ovule, developing for a longer period of time. Conspicuous nectary differentiation in the pistillode suggested a possible role in pollinator attraction. Conclusions Gaussia attenuata displays a number of floral characters that are likely to be ancestral to the tribe, notably the acervulus flower cluster, which is conserved in the other monoecious genera and also (albeit in a unisexual male form) in the dioecious genera (Wendlandiella and a few species of Chamaedorea). Comparison with earlier data from other genera suggests that large nectariferous pistillodes and early arrest in staminode development might also be regarded as ancestral characters in this tribe
机译：背景和目的与整个被子植物的情况相比，在花科和植物上的性二态性在棕榈科（菊科）中普遍存在。 Chamaedoreeae部落对于研究性表达的进化特别感兴趣，因为在这个群体中，雌雄异体的祖先，雌雄异体似乎已经独立地进化了两次。为了了解潜在的进化途径，获得有关每个主要进化枝中花结构和发育的详细信息很重要。方法对高斯弱势花的发育过程进行解剖，光镜和扫描电镜观察。高斯弱势花是该部落三个单性属之一的新近物种。关键结果象Chamaedoreeae科的另一种雌性属（即Hyophorbe和Synechanthus）的物种一样，G。sorba产生一种双性恋花簇，称为acervulus，由一排雄花和基生雌花组成。雌花的雄蕊不育在花的发育早期就终止了其发育，而雄花的雌蕊大，但没有可识别的胚珠，发育时间较长。雌雄蕊明显的蜜腺分化表明可能在传粉媒介吸引中起作用。结论Gaussia luta表现出许多可能是该部落祖先的花卉特征，特别是在其他雌雄同株属中以及在雌雄异株的属中（Wendlandiella和Chamaedorea的一些物种）。与其他属的较早数据比较表明，较大的花蜜雌蕊和退化雄蕊发育的早期停滞也可被视为该部落的祖先特征。

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